How Wolves Change Rivers

This could be good for Colorado. I had to watch this video [1] for my biology class. It's interesting how the wolves changed the entire ecosystem by just changing the behavior of deer (they avoided grazing near the river because that's where the wolves wanted to be). The ripple effects are fairly significant. 1 - ▶ this video

I saw a pretty cool documentary on how reintroducing wolves to Yellowstone changed the ecosystem for the better. Not the one I saw but very similar: ▶ this video More serious article: link

You need to learn about trophic cascades. Here's a quick intro: ▶ this video This played out in the Pleistocene extinctions to a very significant degree, having tremendous effect on ecosystems everywhere. Here's an entire conference worth of the subject: link

In hindsight this looks like the idle ramblings of someone out of touch with reality. But in truth it's closer to the opposite - I've spent too much time analyzing the repercussions of everything because that's what programmers do. If someone ever finds this, this video sums up a lot of what I was trying to say: ▶ this video Now multiply that by every ecosystem that has been tampered with by humans across the face of the planet and decide for yourself if our climate has been affected.

> justification to hurt others for your own gain You're jumping into conclusions. His sentiment is better understood in terms of the balance of nature. He posted this on his Twitter a while back: ▶ this video The video is titled "How Wolves Change Rivers". "When wolves were reintroduced to Yellowstone National Park in the United States after being absent nearly 70 years, the most remarkable "trophic cascade" occurred." As the video explains, unchecked herboviore species has caused a lot of damage to the environment, grazing much of the vegetation. The introduction of wolves radically changed the behavior of the prey species and they start avoiding certain places like valleys where they can easily be trapped. This allowed the vegetation to regenerate and trees started to grow. This resulted in birds moving in. Beavers started to increase, and the dams they built provided habitat for a bunch of other species of animals. And so on and so forth. The regeneration of the vegetation provided stability to the banks of the rivers so they collapsed less often.

Nature does not exist for you to "enjoy" it. Nature seeks balance by evolving creatures that have a reciprocal relationship with the environment. Every creature has a specific role. ▶ this video Humans have no predators. We are effectively an invasive species that does not seek balance with the environment and thrive at the expense of the balance that nature has created in an unsustainable manner.

Keystone species are fascinating and show how we really need more systemic thinking. The one that tons of people have seen is how reintroducing wolves into Yellowstone changed the course of rivers, made them less eroding, and generally increased ecosystem diversity: ▶ this video Beavers are another one: link Remember how we learned a lot of westward expansion in US colonial days was led by mountainmen trapping beavers to use their pelts in fancy european hats and we kept going further west because we kept killing off the beavers while demand for fancy hats kept going up? Turns out when you remove all those beaver ponds that would slow down water flow, you end up with a lot more erosion, incision, and flooding -- the landscape we have now. Fisherman think beaver ponds decrease fish populations because they tend to have warmer water, but this doesn't quite pass the thousands-years-of-coevolution-before-beaver-extermination sniff test... some experiments have showed that beaver ponds actually increase fish stock because they create lots of fish nurseries, and trout and salmon can instinctively swim up through beaver dams. Then when you consider how things like aquaponics incorporate fish because fish poop makes great fertilizer, it starts to become clear how important beaver ponds can be to nutrient cycling in these ecosystems. One of the most fascinating fish-based nutrient flows is salmon migrations... they're hatched upstream, put on most of their growth and biomass in the ocean

It defies logic but case in point: the re-introduction of wolves actually changed rivers in Yellowstone: ▶ this video . Not claiming this proposal will have the same impact, or even a positive one.

The obsession I'm mentioning is based one's worldview & presuppositions...How we reify & approach the problems determine the solutions. Appeal to authority will ensure policies that enrich the authority, with the associated conflicts of interest, confirmation bias, & transfer of power from the population to the authority. Remember, that plant growth is promoted with Carbon Dioxide. A principle of Permaculture is turning the problem into the solution. Elevated CO2 is plant food, if we properly take advantage of the opportunity. Here's an anology re: agriculture. Conventional monoculture petro-chemical till agriculture optimizes for yield & only yield. Unfortunately, there are pests, molds, blight, disease, weather issues, drought, soil conditions that reduce yield. In response, pesticides, herbicides, GMOs, mass irrigation (disrupting watersheds), petro-chemical fertilizers are all sold to the farmer. This leads to soil erosion, destruction of ecosystems, pollution, & lower quality (less nutrition) food. Instead, one can practice regenerative agriculture, that optimizes the ecosystem & soil remediation. Earthworks, such as swales, terraces, & ponds are used to capture rainfall & cycle the water through the property for as long as possible. Polycultures of plants that compliment each other are planted together. Animals are allowed to graze, which brings in fertilizer. Predatory insects & birds are introduced into the habitat to control pests & molds. And you get a higher overal

There's a really interesting article about how Yellowstone (a national park in the US) reintroduced wolves into the ecosystem, reducing the dear population, altering the ecosystem for the better: link ▶ this video

Somewhat relevant video[1]. The introduction of wolves changed the entire landscape by pushing the deers out of the some areas. [1]: ▶ this video

"The moths evolved to become dark in order to match the background of these trees." "Those guppies evolved to be very colorful, over the course of just two years." "Over ten years they evolved significantly shorter legs." Remember, the variation already existed. There were already white and dark months in the population and natural selection caused increase or decrease in the ratios. The black moth did not evolve into white. The variation for short and long legs already existed. Short legs probably increased reproductive fitness in once case and not the other. Causing the number of individuals with certain trait to increase or decrease. My professor has repeated this the entire semester and she wants us to never forget that mutation is the only source of variation. If the variation is not already present, natural selection cannot trigger it. This is how some species go extinct. Natural selection is one source of evolution. Also, distinction between micro vs macro evolution is important here. [0] "But there's no reason to believe this. Why shouldn't they be adapting to our conditions just like any other evolutionary situation?" Because natural selection doesn't cause variation. Mutation is the only source of variation. Variation must already exist in a population for natural selection to work on it. "What she found was that in each case they had changed. The lizards in the city had evolved longer legs—presumably useful for hanging onto broad surfaces, like walls—and they had e